Childhood Testing For Late Onset Genetic Diseases

One of the most captivating chapters throughout her book, Genetic Dilemmas, is her argument against childhood testing for late-onset genetic diseases. She also discussed how parental knowledge of the results violates the child’s right to an open future and can strain the relationship between parent and child. Yet, Dena Davis has been criticized for these claims in many publications, including a popular article by Mary Ann Sevick. In this paper, I will argue that children should not be forced to know their fate and show that the critics are not looking at the bigger picture. Davis recognizes in the first part of the chapter that there are both advantages and disadvantages to having children tested in order to assess their carrier status. She articulates that when working with a disease like Huntington’s Disease, which is dominant so you only need to be carrying one copy of the gene in order to be affected, the cons of knowing your fate far outweigh the pros. Presymptomatic testing leads to a spiral of possible â€Å"over-testing†, depression, difficulty obtaining health care, and even â€Å"survivor guilt† for those who do not carry the disease. Yet, those who have gotten test atest to the fact that they are able to plan ahead for their future and evaluate their reproductive choices with more certainty. This then leads us back into Davis’ â€Å"right to an open future argument†. Davis states, â€Å"The right of privacy that the child will have when she becomes an adult...should be respectedShow MoreRelatedThe Disadvant ages of Genetic Testing on Children Discussed in Dena Davis Book Genetic Dilemmas2357 Words   |  10 Pagesof her book Genetic Dilemmas, Dena Davis asserts that it is unethical for parents to subject their children to genetic testing for the markers of adult-onset genetic diseases because it places an unfair constraint on a child’s right to an open future. It both removes the child’s ability to choose whether to be tested as an adult and has the potential to negatively alter the overall trajectory of their lives. While the current consensus amongst medical professionals is that such testing should beRead MoreChildren At Risk For Late Onset Diseases3939 Words   |  16 Pageschildren tested for any late-onset diseases if that child is at risk. The professional consensus of most medical professionals (Kopelman), do not agree and claim that testing children for late-onset diseases not only affects the child in a negative manner, but also negatively influences the par ents’ relationship with that specific child (Davis). I argue that children at risk for late-onset disorders, such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease, should not be tested for such genetic markers at the requestRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1010 Words   |  5 Pagestreated by psychiatrist. In addition to the complexity and (*flexibility* not the right word) of the disease another reason for misdiagnosis is lack of objective laboratory-based testing. One study trying to determine an objective protocol uses Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and metabonomics. NMR is a well-established strategy for identifying disease-specific biomarkers, those disease-specific biomarkers being metabolites in various biofluids such as plasma, serum, and urine. This specificRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Polycystic Kidney Disease752 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment details: An Inherited Genetic Disease Title: Polycystic Kidney Disease Introduction Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a fairly common genetic disorder of the kidneys. It affects approximately 1in 750 people. There are 2 types, the autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and the autosomal recessive (ARPKD). Autosomal dominant (ADPKD) is far more common of the two. The disease presents with lots of cysts on the kidneys and can not be cured. Medication can manage the symptoms. The symptoms includeRead MoreSchizophrenia Is A Disease Process That Is Characterized By Periods Of Irrational Behavior, Emotional Changes1046 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a disease process that is characterized by periods of irrational behavior, emotional changes, and distorted views of reality. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, this illness affects about one percent of the population. In the past, the general belief about schizophrenia was that it was untreatable and that all patients with this disease needed to be institutionalized. Although that could still be a viable option in isolated cases of extreme psychosisRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Screening On Children984 Words   |  4 Pages Prenatal screening is used to detect any potential diseases or disabilities that a fetus may have or develop in the future. Many procedures are done to test said fetus, including analyzing a sample of amniotic fluid or testing a few cells from the placenta. Various genetic disorders are tested for, such as mental retardation, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs. Once informed of a fetus’ potential defects, the parents can then decide to either carry the fetus to full term or terminate the pregnancyRead MoreSchizophreni A Common And Serious Disorder Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence,† Elizabeth Wals h, Alec Buchanan and Thomas Fahy discuss that, â€Å"In the United States alone there are a minimum of two million schizophrenics.† Though schizophrenia is a widely known disorder that has been common in the United States since the late 1880s, its causes are not yet fully known. Schizophrenia not only affects the patient; it can also lead to serious emotional damage to the person’s family. In their 2015 publication, â€Å"Visualization analysis of author collaborations in schizophreniaRead MoreLorenzos Oil1765 Words   |  8 Pages What is the movie all about? Lorenzo’s Oil Lorenzo is the son of Michaela and Augusto Odone. He begins to have strange memory problems and blackouts. At age 6, he is diagnosed with the childhood cerebral form of ALD, a progressive degenerative nervous system disorder. There is no cure for this disease and his parents are told he will become totally disabled and die in a few years. Michaela and Augusto, devastated by Lorenzos diagnosis, decide to research ALD even though neither has a scientificRead MoreLorenzos Oil1757 Words   |  8 Pages1. What is the movie all about? Lorenzo’s Oil Lorenzo is the son of Michaela and Augusto Odone. He begins to have strange memory problems and blackouts. At age 6, he is diagnosed with the childhood cerebral form of ALD, a progressive degenerative nervous system disorder. There is no cure for this disease and his parents are told he will become totally disabled and die in a few years. Michaela and Augusto, devastated by Lorenzos diagnosis, decide to research ALD even though neither has a scientificRead MoreAging : Silent Killers Of The Aging Body1840 Words   |  8 Pageslifetime will face the process of aging through various life stages beginning from being born, which is infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. The infancy stage takes places between the time of birth and 1 year of age, early childhood takes place between 1 year of age and 6 years of age, and late childhood takes place between 6 years of age and 12 years of age. Adolescence takes place between 12 years of age and 20 years

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression Tinker V....

What if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea were quickly shot down by the high school principals. The principals caught wind of the teen’s plan, so there was a meeting a few days beforehand. The talk of the meeting was to ensure the teens that if they were to wear the black armbands a few†¦show more content†¦If students were shouting and protesting in classrooms, the school would be able to step in because it causes other students to be distracted from their schoolwork.† (CALAGNA) Has freedom of speech changed since then? Some schools nowadays punish kids for online social media comments. (WHEELER) For example, if a student posts something on Facebook, and another kid comments on that status with a rude remark, the kid who posted it could take that to the principal’s office and the kid who commented on it could get in trouble. Some could say it was cyber-bullying, some could say it was just a witty/rude remark, not meant to be taken seriously. Is this a violation of free speech/expression? Another reason school authority figures have a lot of power over whether or not a student gets in trouble for what they say, posts, or wears, is that the school can discipline a student just because they personally or morally did not like the comment/post. Most of the time, the kids that get in trouble for something they post are in their own home, on their own laptop, during their free time outside of school. So why does the school have so much power over these si tuations the majority of the time? â€Å"The digital age, with its wonderful capacity to democratize speech, is so important to students’ rights, but also carries new and interesting threats to students’ rights,† Tinker says. â€Å"If we don’t encourage young people to use theirShow MoreRelatedThe Tinker V. Des Moines Independent School District Decision Of 1969952 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most well-known Supreme Cases involving student rights was the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision of 1969. The verdict quickly became a precedent for many other decisions involving school issues and is very relevant today. In December of 1965, students attending Des Moines Public Schools held a meeting at Christopher Eckhardt s house to conduct a plan to show their support for a truce in the ongoing Vietnam War. They resolved to wear black armbands during the holidayRead MoreThe Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case1498 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States is one of the few nations that guarantees and protects freedom of expression of its citizens. Freedom of expression is defined as a right to voice ones beliefs and ideas without any harm. Under the Bill of Rights, the government has no power to restrict these unalienable rights. The First Amendment is exceedingly important to the liberty and freedom of individuals. It guarantees citizens the ability to express themselves, worship, voice their opinions, and rally to situations theyRead MoreStudent s Expression Of Religious Beliefs Within The Classroom808 Words   |  4 PagesEventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshai rs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religious rights under the First AmendmentRead MoreThe Battle Over The Religious Homework809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle Over the Religious Homework Eventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshairs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religiousRead MoreHow the Earl Warren Court Liberalized America Essay842 Words   |  4 Pagescourt cases of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), where these court cases helped define Due Process and the rights of defendants. Another way the Warren Court liberalized America, is through the cases of Tinker v. Des Moines ISD (1969), Engle v. Vitale (1962), and New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), where the Supreme Court sought to expand the scope of application of the First Amendment, however also limiting those freedoms as well. Lastly, theRead MoreThe 1st Amendment : The Rights Of The First Amendment1572 Words   |  7 PagesStates Constitution, the First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Gold). Historically, as demonstrated in cases such as Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as the government in general, has well-upheld this amendment, butRead MoreThe United States Constitution Is The Backbone Of Our Country1861 Words   |  8 Pagesestablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress o f grievances† (law.cornell.edu). The First Amendment guarantees our freedom of expression. Arguably our most beloved Amendment, it was written first for a reason. While our 1st Amendment rights do not become void inside the confines of a school, they are not unrestricted. The Tinker v. Des MoinesRead MoreStudent Rights : Censorship, Privacy, And Speech1695 Words   |  7 Pagesrights are one of the rights that are different from the outside world. Unlike the news, which can t be censored at all in the United States, school papers can be censored under certain circumstances. For example, in the supreme court case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, a school paper from a Journalism class was censored for having an article about a divorce and two teenage pregnancies in the school and included close examples that were almost specific to the students involved. The principal of the schoolRead MoreTattoos And The First Amendment Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesAmendment of the Constitution assu res individuals such civil liberties as the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Freedom of speech preserves not only an individual’s right to vocally express themselves unabridged, it also allows them the right to burn the American flag, engage in silent protest, and more recently (2016), get a tattoo. In some respects, freedom of speech has come to mean the freedom of communication. Communication can be defined as the exchange of a thoughtRead MorePublic Policy : Freedom Of Speech1235 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Public Policy: Freedom of Speech Around the world governments are placing laws to criminalize different religions, minorities, and offensive expression . The United States up hold the beliefs of â€Å"land of the free† publicizing that the constitution gives Americans rights some countries may not offer . The United States of America stands on the beliefs of the Constitution which includes the first ten amendments . The first being Amendment One which addresses freedom of religion, press, and assemble

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression Tinker V....

What if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea were quickly shot down by the high school principals. The principals caught wind of the teen’s plan, so there was a meeting a few days beforehand. The talk of the meeting was to ensure the teens that if they were to wear the black armbands a few†¦show more content†¦If students were shouting and protesting in classrooms, the school would be able to step in because it causes other students to be distracted from their schoolwork.† (CALAGNA) Has freedom of speech changed since then? Some schools nowadays punish kids for online social media comments. (WHEELER) For example, if a student posts something on Facebook, and another kid comments on that status with a rude remark, the kid who posted it could take that to the principal’s office and the kid who commented on it could get in trouble. Some could say it was cyber-bullying, some could say it was just a witty/rude remark, not meant to be taken seriously. Is this a violation of free speech/expression? Another reason school authority figures have a lot of power over whether or not a student gets in trouble for what they say, posts, or wears, is that the school can discipline a student just because they personally or morally did not like the comment/post. Most of the time, the kids that get in trouble for something they post are in their own home, on their own laptop, during their free time outside of school. So why does the school have so much power over these si tuations the majority of the time? â€Å"The digital age, with its wonderful capacity to democratize speech, is so important to students’ rights, but also carries new and interesting threats to students’ rights,† Tinker says. â€Å"If we don’t encourage young people to use theirShow MoreRelatedThe Tinker V. Des Moines Independent School District Decision Of 1969952 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most well-known Supreme Cases involving student rights was the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision of 1969. The verdict quickly became a precedent for many other decisions involving school issues and is very relevant today. In December of 1965, students attending Des Moines Public Schools held a meeting at Christopher Eckhardt s house to conduct a plan to show their support for a truce in the ongoing Vietnam War. They resolved to wear black armbands during the holidayRead MoreThe Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case1498 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States is one of the few nations that guarantees and protects freedom of expression of its citizens. Freedom of expression is defined as a right to voice ones beliefs and ideas without any harm. Under the Bill of Rights, the government has no power to restrict these unalienable rights. The First Amendment is exceedingly important to the liberty and freedom of individuals. It guarantees citizens the ability to express themselves, worship, voice their opinions, and rally to situations theyRead MoreStudent s Expression Of Religious Beliefs Within The Classroom808 Words   |  4 PagesEventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshai rs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religious rights under the First AmendmentRead MoreThe Battle Over The Religious Homework809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle Over the Religious Homework Eventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshairs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religiousRead MoreHow the Earl Warren Court Liberalized America Essay842 Words   |  4 Pagescourt cases of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), where these court cases helped define Due Process and the rights of defendants. Another way the Warren Court liberalized America, is through the cases of Tinker v. Des Moines ISD (1969), Engle v. Vitale (1962), and New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), where the Supreme Court sought to expand the scope of application of the First Amendment, however also limiting those freedoms as well. Lastly, theRead MoreThe 1st Amendment : The Rights Of The First Amendment1572 Words   |  7 PagesStates Constitution, the First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Gold). Historically, as demonstrated in cases such as Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as the government in general, has well-upheld this amendment, butRead MoreThe United States Constitution Is The Backbone Of Our Country1861 Words   |  8 Pagesestablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress o f grievances† (law.cornell.edu). The First Amendment guarantees our freedom of expression. Arguably our most beloved Amendment, it was written first for a reason. While our 1st Amendment rights do not become void inside the confines of a school, they are not unrestricted. The Tinker v. Des MoinesRead MoreStudent Rights : Censorship, Privacy, And Speech1695 Words   |  7 Pagesrights are one of the rights that are different from the outside world. Unlike the news, which can t be censored at all in the United States, school papers can be censored under certain circumstances. For example, in the supreme court case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, a school paper from a Journalism class was censored for having an article about a divorce and two teenage pregnancies in the school and included close examples that were almost specific to the students involved. The principal of the schoolRead MoreTattoos And The First Amendment Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesAmendment of the Constitution assu res individuals such civil liberties as the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Freedom of speech preserves not only an individual’s right to vocally express themselves unabridged, it also allows them the right to burn the American flag, engage in silent protest, and more recently (2016), get a tattoo. In some respects, freedom of speech has come to mean the freedom of communication. Communication can be defined as the exchange of a thoughtRead MorePublic Policy : Freedom Of Speech1235 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Public Policy: Freedom of Speech Around the world governments are placing laws to criminalize different religions, minorities, and offensive expression . The United States up hold the beliefs of â€Å"land of the free† publicizing that the constitution gives Americans rights some countries may not offer . The United States of America stands on the beliefs of the Constitution which includes the first ten amendments . The first being Amendment One which addresses freedom of religion, press, and assemble

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression Tinker V....

What if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea were quickly shot down by the high school principals. The principals caught wind of the teen’s plan, so there was a meeting a few days beforehand. The talk of the meeting was to ensure the teens that if they were to wear the black armbands a few†¦show more content†¦If students were shouting and protesting in classrooms, the school would be able to step in because it causes other students to be distracted from their schoolwork.† (CALAGNA) Has freedom of speech changed since then? Some schools nowadays punish kids for online social media comments. (WHEELER) For example, if a student posts something on Facebook, and another kid comments on that status with a rude remark, the kid who posted it could take that to the principal’s office and the kid who commented on it could get in trouble. Some could say it was cyber-bullying, some could say it was just a witty/rude remark, not meant to be taken seriously. Is this a violation of free speech/expression? Another reason school authority figures have a lot of power over whether or not a student gets in trouble for what they say, posts, or wears, is that the school can discipline a student just because they personally or morally did not like the comment/post. Most of the time, the kids that get in trouble for something they post are in their own home, on their own laptop, during their free time outside of school. So why does the school have so much power over these si tuations the majority of the time? â€Å"The digital age, with its wonderful capacity to democratize speech, is so important to students’ rights, but also carries new and interesting threats to students’ rights,† Tinker says. â€Å"If we don’t encourage young people to use theirShow MoreRelatedThe Tinker V. Des Moines Independent School District Decision Of 1969952 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most well-known Supreme Cases involving student rights was the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision of 1969. The verdict quickly became a precedent for many other decisions involving school issues and is very relevant today. In December of 1965, students attending Des Moines Public Schools held a meeting at Christopher Eckhardt s house to conduct a plan to show their support for a truce in the ongoing Vietnam War. They resolved to wear black armbands during the holidayRead MoreThe Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case1498 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States is one of the few nations that guarantees and protects freedom of expression of its citizens. Freedom of expression is defined as a right to voice ones beliefs and ideas without any harm. Under the Bill of Rights, the government has no power to restrict these unalienable rights. The First Amendment is exceedingly important to the liberty and freedom of individuals. It guarantees citizens the ability to express themselves, worship, voice their opinions, and rally to situations theyRead MoreStudent s Expression Of Religious Beliefs Within The Classroom808 Words   |  4 PagesEventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshai rs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religious rights under the First AmendmentRead MoreThe Battle Over The Religious Homework809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle Over the Religious Homework Eventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshairs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religiousRead MoreHow the Earl Warren Court Liberalized America Essay842 Words   |  4 Pagescourt cases of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), where these court cases helped define Due Process and the rights of defendants. Another way the Warren Court liberalized America, is through the cases of Tinker v. Des Moines ISD (1969), Engle v. Vitale (1962), and New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), where the Supreme Court sought to expand the scope of application of the First Amendment, however also limiting those freedoms as well. Lastly, theRead MoreThe 1st Amendment : The Rights Of The First Amendment1572 Words   |  7 PagesStates Constitution, the First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Gold). Historically, as demonstrated in cases such as Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as the government in general, has well-upheld this amendment, butRead MoreThe United States Constitution Is The Backbone Of Our Country1861 Words   |  8 Pagesestablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress o f grievances† (law.cornell.edu). The First Amendment guarantees our freedom of expression. Arguably our most beloved Amendment, it was written first for a reason. While our 1st Amendment rights do not become void inside the confines of a school, they are not unrestricted. The Tinker v. Des MoinesRead MoreStudent Rights : Censorship, Privacy, And Speech1695 Words   |  7 Pagesrights are one of the rights that are different from the outside world. Unlike the news, which can t be censored at all in the United States, school papers can be censored under certain circumstances. For example, in the supreme court case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, a school paper from a Journalism class was censored for having an article about a divorce and two teenage pregnancies in the school and included close examples that were almost specific to the students involved. The principal of the schoolRead MoreTattoos And The First Amendment Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesAmendment of the Constitution assu res individuals such civil liberties as the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Freedom of speech preserves not only an individual’s right to vocally express themselves unabridged, it also allows them the right to burn the American flag, engage in silent protest, and more recently (2016), get a tattoo. In some respects, freedom of speech has come to mean the freedom of communication. Communication can be defined as the exchange of a thoughtRead MorePublic Policy : Freedom Of Speech1235 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Public Policy: Freedom of Speech Around the world governments are placing laws to criminalize different religions, minorities, and offensive expression . The United States up hold the beliefs of â€Å"land of the free† publicizing that the constitution gives Americans rights some countries may not offer . The United States of America stands on the beliefs of the Constitution which includes the first ten amendments . The first being Amendment One which addresses freedom of religion, press, and assemble

Caucasians and African Americans Free Essays

Without Reservation is a history of how the Mashantucket Pequot tribe, composed mostly of Caucasians and African Americans who exaggerated or fabricated their Native American ancestry, rose to power in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition, it exposes how they were corrupted by money, power, and influence, creating and essentially looting the world’s largest casino-resort complex. The first third of the book traces the Pequots’ formation in the early 1970s, when Indian rights attorney Tom Tureen sought the location of a defunct Pequot reservation near Ledyard, Connecticut. We will write a custom essay sample on Caucasians and African Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tureen met Richard â€Å"Skip† Hayward, a laborer and failed preacher with rather dubious claims of Indian ancestry; his grandmother was the daughter of a black father and a mother listed as Indian on some documents. (Benedict 146) Declaring himself an Indian (which he had never done before), Hayward basically charmed his way into becoming chief of a tribe who history was at best murky, attracting a growing number of members whose Indian blood was as non-existent as his own. Most were Hayward’s own relatives; said Tureen, â€Å"The Pequots are all Haywards. † (Benedict 59) With Tureen’s help, Hayward gained political power and access to government money by arousing and shrewdly manipulating public sympathy for Native Americans. The tribe’s members were mostly non-Indian, simply claiming identity with an oppressed people was convincing enough; according to Tureen, â€Å"We never had to lie or mislead anybody. . . . We were never questioned about those other aspects. † (Benedict 117) In 1992, the Mashantucket Pequot opened Foxwoods, then the world’s largest casino, on tribal land and with funding by both the federal government and Chinese-Malaysian financiers Lim Goh Tong and Colin Au. (Benedict 213) The casino, exempt from paying taxes, was then the only such resort in New England and proved itself quickly profitable; its 1995 gambling profits exceeded $300 million. (Benedict 295-296) Though Hayward was something of a con artist (he had been a failed blue-collar laborer and preacher, and his revival of the Pequot tribe smacked of chicanery), he was ambitious and tried to build Foxwoods into a larger complex, with a wide array of entertainment offerings, including an Indian museum. However, many of the newly-attracted members had hoped to avoid working and live for free on the reservation; as it was, Hayward provided members living there with homes, stipends, and free college educations. Ultimately, tribal elder Kenny Reels, whose Indian ancestry was as dubious and invented as Hayward’s (Benedict 232-234), led a disgruntled group of members and deposed Hayward as leader, aiming instead of skim and enjoy the profits. Said one member: â€Å"I haven’t got my first million. My wife’s got to work. People should be enjoying themselves. Why can’t I have a BMW? † (Benedict 293) Ironically, Hayward, a somewhat shady character, had tried to behave as a legitimate leader and businessman after Foxwoods opened, only to be ousted by former supporters. Today, Foxwoods brings in immense amounts of money but is deeply in debt due to the current Pequot leaders’ gross mismanagement. RELATIONSHIP TO CLASS Without Reservation relates to the hospitality industry by illustrating some of the less savory aspects of gaming, giving ample detail of the political maneuvering necessary to bring both the Mashantucket Pequot and Foxwoods into existence. Hayward was basically a classic huckster, promoting himself as an Indian (which misled Tureen and many others who helped him) and envisioned a grand project that would make him and his followers rich. The tribe used its political connections to overcome not only fierce local opposition to the casino in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but also environmental regulations (from which Indian casinos are exempt, like taxes). Foxwoods’ construction irrevocably changed the surrounding countryside, removing thousands of trees and much of the local wildlife. (Benedict 226-227) Like many businesses, gaming depends on those relationships to politicians on various levels, but gaming is more controversial due to communities’ concerns about the effects casinos supposedly have – namely, increases in crime and political corruption. Indeed, the Pequot reservation and surrounding communities witnessed a sharp rise in violence and drug activity in the late 1990s, widely attributed to the casino. Indeed, current tribal leader Kenny Reels’ own nephew was imprisoned for rape and drug offenses. (Benedict 347) In addition, it shows the perils of mismanagement. Skip Hayward, while not a polished professional with a business background, tried to run Foxwoods and the tribe cleanly, carefully watching the profits and planning to put them back into future expansions. Sensing a â€Å"classic product cycle† when Foxwoods’ novelty began wearing off, Hayward tried to add shopping, a museum, and other venues. (Benedict 266-267) However, an accomplished CEO who fired a crooked auditor was forced to quit, shortly before Hayward himself was ousted by a corrupt element of the tribal leadership. Since then, the casino continues to enjoy high revenues from gambling but is in serious financial disarray; because tribal leaders have routinely dipped into the profits for their own uses (and for their supporters), Foxwoods has had trouble repaying its construction loans and has descended into deep debt. CRITIQUE A fast read for its length, Without Reservation is very well-written, with clear, strong prose and a brisk narrative. While an expose, the book is not written in a sensational style, but rather more like a tight fictional narrative. It exposes the shady political machinations behind both the tribe’s â€Å"revival† (if indeed the Mashantucket ever genuinely existed) and the casino’s creation, as well as the infighting between Skip Hayward and Kenny Reels. The book has two main ironies; the first involves Hayward’s own dubious background and evolution into a relatively honest figure, while the second involves race. The tribe drew both white and black recruits from the Northeast, many of whom came from poor backgrounds and saw membership in the Mashantucket Pequot as a means of getting rich without effort. Reels, a black Rhode Islander with a small amount of supposedly Indian blood, exploited the racial differences between the factions to force out Hayward and his adherents. The tribe, intended to unite the races in a race to which none actually belonged, split apart along mainly racial lines. In general, this book offers keen insights into not only the creation of the world’s largest casino but also into how racial identity is manipulated for political and financial reasons, how a group of poor outsiders used public sympathy to gain federal recognition (and money) with virtually no evidence of their Indian ancestry, and how greed and mistrust ultimately ruined the tribe’s key figures. It manages to tell a complex, scandalous, somewhat tragic story without exaggeration or sensation, making it a straightforward, rewarding read. How to cite Caucasians and African Americans, Papers

Since the dawn of human existence and literally th Essay Example For Students

Since the dawn of human existence and literally th Essay Artousands of years before written languages developed, people have used their surroundings as a canvas for expression. Art has changed a great deal since it began many centuries ago. Centuries, however, are not necessary to notice the small changes that are evident even between cultures of similar times. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impact on the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religious beliefs more than decoration or self-gratification. The most important aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of the human spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed a physical place to occupy or it would disappear. Most of the important men of Egypt paid to have their body carved out of stone. That was were the spirit would live after the man dies. They used stone because it was the strongest material they could find. Longevity was very important. The bodies are always idealized and clothed. Figures are very rigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to show that the person is grand or intimidating. Early Greek art was greatly influenced by the Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures to exchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art is marked by the Geometric phase. The most common art during the Geometric phase was vase painting. After the vase was formed but before it was painted, the artist applied a slip (dark pigment) to outside. Then the vase was fired and the artist would incise his decorations into the hard shell. It was important to incise humans into the fired slip and not paint with slip. The people in the pictures needed light colored skin, which was the color beneath the slip, because Greeks wanted to make their art as realistic as possible. Much like Egyptian art, the Greeks idealized the bodies of the people in their works. As the Archaic Period evolved, Greek sculptures were almost identical to the Egyptians. Unlike Egyptians, the Greeks refined their techniques. Greeks used marble to construct thei r sculptures. It was considered more valuable and beautiful than any material available. Christian art was introduced during the middle of the second century. In many cases the only difference between Christian art and Hellenistic art is the religious subject matter. After a slow start the Christians introduced something new, the mosaic. Mosaics became a favorite medium for decorating churches.Emily Dickinson wrote, If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry. The so-called academic painters of the 19th century believed themselves to be doing their part to improve the world in presenting images that contain or reflect good conservative moral values, examples of virtuous behaviour, of inspiring Christian sentiment, and of the sort of righteous conduct and noble sacrifice that would serve as an appropriate model toward which we should all aspire to emulate. The new world order reflected in academic modernism was seen by the progressives as merely supportive of the status quo and offered a future that was little more than a perpetuati on of the present. The conservatives wished to maintain existing institutions and preferred gradual development over radical change. The fifteenth century marked the arrival of the Renaissance. Artists have finally recaptured the amazing detail and realism that the Greeks and Romans perfected. Artists pushed the limits with new exciting mediums and bright colors. Works of art, in my opinion, are the only objects in the material universe to possess internal order, and that is why, though I dont believe that only art matters, I do believe in Art for Arts sake. E. M. Forster (1879 1970)

Although the position description Essays

Although the position description Essays Although the position description Paper Although the position description Paper Although the position description was still flawed in many aspects and much can still be improved, the description of the position of the Diet Supervisor in Macquarie University is already incorporated with some aspects of health promotion. The description elucidates that candidates for the position must know how to emphasize the proper diet once they begin to serve the clients of the University hospital. This is essential to the promotion of health because a well-balanced diet that is grounded on information about proper nutrition can really enhance the physical well-being of individuals (Pike 1967, p. 233). Also, the description of the positions gives premium to the amount of knowledge candidates have in terms of clinical matters. This can be seen in the essential criteria for the qualification to the position. Having an experience on clinical services is contributory to the health promotion because the diet supervisor can come into play whenever there are cases of minor diseases among the clients. Lastly, in the desirable criteria for the qualification of candidates, it stated that the diet supervisor must have experiences with nutrition management. The diet supervisor will be the one responsible in arranging the diet of the patients and ensure that they follow a nutritional pattern. This aspect promotes health because it guarantees that the one who will be chosen for the position can be trusted in managing the nutritional diet of patients. He must have a substantial background regarding the nutritional value of foods and what are the food combinations that can supplement one another’s nutritional content. By doing that, they can assure that the patients will be well-nourished as they stay on the hospital. Another aspect where health promotion is evident is in the Continuous Improvement Criteria in the Key Performance section. The second bullet states that the Diet Supervisor must â€Å"participate and contribute to occupational health and safety activities to ensure a safe work environment for clients, community, staff and visitors.† This bullet promotes health because it fosters safety in the working areas for clients, visitors and other people. However, despite these aspects of the position description which already seem to carry the health promotion, it still lags in many aspects, as hinted earlier. The sanitary aspect of health promotion seems to be overlooked in this position description when I feel like it must be recognized. As Bellah asserts, applying specific sanitary measures equates to promoting health (Bellah 1997, p. 55). An environment that is slovenly and filthy is undeniably not healthful. Other details in the description also emphasize the areas where it lags in terms of health promotion. For instance, listed second in their major responsibilities is to â€Å"assist in supervision of kitchen staff.† I see no problem with this second responsibility. However, there seems to be a lack and it can still be extended. In addition to the power of supervision, the diet supervisor must also have a mandate on what the kitchen staff will do and what are the procedures they must undergo. Since the diet supervisor is also responsible for providing the nutrition and dietary support, he must also use this in directing the menu that the kitchen staff will follow. He must maximize his superintendence to the kitchen staff by ensuring that their procedures abide with certain sanitary measures. Obviously, striving for sanitation is another way of promoting health (Bellah 1997 58). In the Personal and Professional Development of the Key Performance criteria, it was listed that the diet supervisor should â€Å"attend all mandatory training sessions provided by the hospital and is actively involved in other training and development as required.† The nature of these training sessions was not clearly specified and delineated. To ensure that these sessions are in line with the health promotion, they must be relevant to the goal of promoting and upholding health standards. In other words, these sessions must improve their knowledge about nutrition, food technology, clinical matters and sanitation – all of which are key components of health promotion. In the Teamwork and Communications Criteria, it was listed that the Diet Supervisor must â€Å"demonstrate an ability to implement recommendations of patient care Review Committee in response to Patients’ suggestions.† The diet supervisor must not only implement recommendations right away. He must also have the sharpness of mind and the readiness to assess and criticize the recommendations being given by the Patient care Review committee. Although this committee definitely has its own internal operations and merits, the Diet Supervisor must also look into the recommendations passed onto him, evaluate them and give suggestions on how they can be improved, if necessary. Since the welfare of the patients is the top priority, all ideas from the most number of people must be maximized to assure that this welfare is well-protected.

Steps Involved in Decision Making

Steps Involved in Decision Making Introduction Decisions constitute a major part of our everyday lives. The way we make these choices determined the very quality of our lives and whether we succeed or fail in our endeavors. These decisions are not only at a personal level but extend even to the realm of business where simple decisions impact on the lives of many and the course of an economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Steps Involved in Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet all decisions follow a similar pattern and learning to use the right model is the key towards an effective decision making habit. Take for example my decision to pursue a major in human development and a minor in Special Education from this university. This decision was highly influenced by cost, sacrifice and practicality in a world of unlimited choices and limited resources. Steps in Decision Making There are many factors which influences an individual’ s choice of both the university and university program. For me, the process was influenced greatly by circumstance and passion. The end of high school education brings a need to apply for college depending on performance and financial capability to pay for the cost of one’s choice. My choice of disciplines was due to passion and demonstrated skills in the subject matter which constitutes the field of human development. Like many other students, an Ivy League university would have been the better choice but the cost of tuition in such institutions is way beyond the reach of many. So the process involved identifying the opportunity, evaluating the pros and cons of joining a particular program in a particular university and choosing the most practical option. Bateman and Snell (2002) identify the following as the steps of making good decisions. Identifying what the problem is. The person faced with a decision must have the will to solve the problem and have the opportunity or re sources to do so. First, one must brainstorm or identify possible solutions to the diagnosed problem. Then evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of generated alternatives to choose one with higher probability of maximizing one’s welfare. This must be followed by making the decision of which alternative to adopt. Best to make a decision which has the greatest potential to better one’s circumstances. However, sacrifice is sometimes needed depending on circumstance and the available alternatives. The chosen alternative must then be implemented. Once a choice is made it should be enforced with total commitment. Finally, one must look back and evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen alternative. It is clear that the decision to enroll in this university was the right one and the knowledge of this decision making stages would not have altered it. Bateman and Snell emphasize the need to make decisions based on the consideration of cost. The cost of implementing any decisio n with the corporate world is one of the major tenets which managers have used to make corporate decisions (Bateman and Snell, 2011). These decisions have far reaching consequences since the cost of any project might determine the level of innovation, quality and even productivity.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This in turn reflects greatly not only on the conduct of the managers but also on the company and might determine future profitability or lack of it in the future. Bateman and Snell (2011) have one major theme behind all their decision models and that is the need to deliver results by creating collaboration and better leadership within organizations. My decision to forego one of the major Ivy League universities was based on consideration of cost and here lies the similarity between the influence of cost advocated by Bateman and Snell and my university choice. Conc lusion This paper makes it clear the effect choices have on us and others. The way we make these choices becomes important if only to gain the ability to make good ones and refrain from making classical mistakes which lead us to misery. Needless to say that knowledge gained here will aid in making decisions which will shape our future for a long time to come. References Bateman Snell. (2002). Management: Competing in the new era. Web. Bateman, T. S., Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Judges of colorado state Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judges of colorado state - Essay Example This is a tax policy change resulting in a net returns gain in which, according to the Constitution, voters should approve (Arnold 2). In 1988, the legislature codified the judicial routine commission notion. The legislation formed a statewide commission on judicial performance. This commission oversees the appraisal of county and district court trial judges and assesses the appellate court judges. Due to the formation of this commission, it is likely that some of the judges of the Colorado state will be re-elected. This will be highly based on their performance during their service (Jean 2). The commission follow a certain procedure in assessing judges: reliability; awareness and understanding of substantive, ceremonial, and evidentiary law; communication skills; grounding, consideration, and control over judicial procedures; sentencing practices; docket administration and timely case disposition; managerial skills; regularity; efficiency in working with participants in the judicial procedure; and service to the legal occupation and the public. Based on the above criteria, most of the Colorado judges should not be re-elected. This is highly because these judges do not adhere to the above qualities (Jean 3). The court of Colorado committed further constitutional contraventions, which included assaults on property rights, gun rights, and capsized the death punishment for a convicted hijacker, rapist or murderer since a pair of jurors was suspected to have quoted biblical lines in sentencing discussions (Arnold 3). The Supreme Court has evaluated heavily, essential constitutional issues for instance taxes, schools, and the appropriate function for courts in the last few years. The court has produced contentious written verdicts on these and other concerns that affect Colorado citizens. Voters in Colorado are going to wish for

Lack of Motivation & Coaching in the Workplace Research Proposal

Lack of Motivation & Coaching in the Workplace - Research Proposal Example Lack of motivation and coaching at a work place can be deteriorating for an organization’s human resource health. The capital may not be motivated to work hard enough, resulting in a lower level of performance that may cost the organization its market position in a competitive environment today (John, 2005). Without coaching, a person may not be able to take the best decisions, which may come to him with experience or when an experienced person advices them. Therefore, coaching acts as a make shift tool for the knowledge management of an organization and is equally important. Research has shown that highly motivated individuals in an organization produce work efficiently, in lesser time and better quality when compared to their counterparts in the same or different organizations. Therefore, research on the implications of the lack of motivation and coaching in the workplace is very important for organizations to understand its importance (Robert, 2007). It is highly important that the employees are motivated in the right context and put their best effort towards the organization; the goals of the organization as well as the employees should be matched in such a manner that they work in unison. Meeting the coaching needs of an employee would help them to make better decisions regarding the day to day operations as well as their career, further motivating them to work harder. The negative impact that may arise due to lack of motivation and coaching in the work place are theoretically tremendous. Organizations may face a high employee turnover rate if the organizations don’t take steps to motivate their employees enough. The question arises that what kind of initiatives should be taken to motivate the employees at the workplace (John, 2001). Also, the impact of having no coaching initiatives in an organization may be tremendous; therefore, is coaching and motivation necessary for the employees to produce their

Slashing Prices, Stabbing Backs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slashing Prices, Stabbing Backs - Essay Example Wal-Mart has been successful in perpetuating their elitist position through the manipulation of media outlets, political groups, and public policy organizations. They have continually pursued a conflict of interest course by donating money to those that are supposed to produce an unbiased report on them. On a local level, they have used contacts with other elitists, and political corruption to gain favorable zoning ordinances for their stores. Public policy is often cheated by research on Wal-Mart that is financed by Wal-Mart. These are typical examples of the transgressions made by the power elite as they seek to dominate the lower classes. Wal-Mart has brought significant harm to the middle and lower classes. They have exploited gender as well ethnicity in their quest for control. They reveal their own stand when Sally Pipes, a reporter with a financial interest in Wal-Mart, defends the company against a charge of sex discrimination by claiming, "The case against Wal-Mart, [...] follows the standard feminist stereotype of women as victims, men as villains and large corporations as inherently evil" (qtd. Barbaro & Strom, 2006). The reply makes it obvious that they see the world through the lens of strata domination. Meanwhile, Wal-Mart exploits the working class by exporting vast numbers of manufacturing jobs.

Elderly Empowerment in Social Work and Policies

Elderly Empowerment in Social Work and Policies Social services are nothing if they are not about empowering the powerless: giving older people the chance to stay in their own home, protecting the vulnerable from abuse and neglect, promoting independence and self reliance, bringing hope to families where almost all hope has gone Introduction This report will assess to what extent social policy with regard to the elderly has been successful in achieving its aim. In doing this the paper will look at policy development from the late 1940s onwards. It will evaluate policy success and will look at the role of social work in particular. It will look at the impact of New Right thinking on social work policy, funding and practice. There will be an examination of the effect of social policy on vulnerable and oppressed groups and of how ageism and classism may contribute to oppression. Methodology This is a documentary report using internet sources for Government websites and official data which is supplemented by other literature. There will be some use of figures and a diagram to illustrate certain points. After looking at policy development the findings will be used to assess the impact of policy and its effects on vulnerable adults. Policy Development The introduction of the Britain’s post-war welfare state was aimed at combating disease, poverty and ignorance. It was designed to support people in times of trouble and to protect those who were unable to protect themselves. From 1948 onwards, what were known as the personal social services, was introduced, it consisted of the health services which were responsible for public health, and welfare departments which were responsible for residential care and the care of the elderly and disabled. It also included children’s departments which were responsible for child care.[1] A large proportion of the budget was allocated for residential care. Since its inception the way in which the welfare state has been administered has undergone two major reforms. The first of these was in the 1960s and 70s where allocation of funding to departments was transferred from central government to the treasury.[2] In the 1960s welfare departments and children’s departments were unified into social services departments.[3]The second phase was in the 1980s and 90s and it led to a restructuring of the public sector and the way in which welfare was administered. This led to: The break up of administration into agencies, e.g. NHS Trusts and agencies responsible for Social Security. The introduction of the principles of management and the market which are found throughout the NHS and personal social services The requirement for public services to be run like markets, a separation of purchasing and provision of services and the introduction of competition.[4] During the setting up of the Welfare State the powers that had been held by local authorities were largely usurped by central government which still has the final say in how they conduct their affairs. Much of the work of the Social Services Departments was concerned with child services but this changed with the introduction of the NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 and there is a continuing move to operate services jointly. This also meant that care was no longer the preserve of the state, rather it should be the responsibility of the whole community. and state intervention should only occur as a final resort (Giddens, 2001).[5] The Community Care Act of 1990 was a development not only of the 1948 Act but also of the 1970 Social Services Act which states that: Every local authority shall establish a social services committee, and †¦there shall stand referred to that committee all matters relating to the discharge by the authority of- (a) their functions under the enactments specified in the first column of Schedule 1 to this Act[6] Under the terms of the 1990 Act everyone who wishes to access social care must first undertake an assessment of need (circular LAC (92) 12 states that any needs assessment needs to take into account the capacity of the person, their current living situation, any help or support from friends and relatives and also what the person themselves may want from care. The National Services Framework for Older People which is being continually updated has to be taken into account when such an assessment has been made.[7] Undergoing an assessment does not necessarily mean that a person will be offered services. Different local authorities have their own sets of eligibility criteria, against which the needs of the person are assessed an assessment is also made of their ability to pay for care (Moore, 2002).[8] The Health and Social Care Act 2001 entitled older people in residential care to free nursing care, in an attempt to integrate health and social care for older people. There has been conce rn that this Act might be the beginning of the end of adult social service departments.[9] Goodman (2005) has argued that access to care for older people may vary. The research suggested that those who were in residential care were more likely to be at a disadvantage in accessing other forms of care whereas older people who remained in their own homes were more likely to be able to access social care. The care needs of those older people in residential care tended to be met by care staff with the help of district nurses in order to provide some care to people in residential homes. Assessment of Findings Under the terms of the 1948 Act the state was the primary instrument of welfare and thus social care. As has been documented various later policies changed the way in which social care was distributed and accessed culminating in the Community Care Act of 1990 which shifted responsibility of care from central government to local authorities. It was claimed that this Act would lead to increased choices for service users. In contrast to this claim, some older, perhaps frail people, become socially disenfranchised and are placed in accommodation that is not up to standard nor suited to their needs. Moore (2002) points out that some commentators have argued that a mixed economy of care and the move away from public provision to one that was based on profit making: †¦would actually lower the standards of care, as profit rather than public service becomes the overriding motive†¦(this) will lead to a narrowing of choice†¦clients being seen as receiving charity†¦(and) the extent and the quality of services will differ from place to place (Moore, 2002:259). In 2000 the Government introduced the Care Standards Act as a response to poor standards in care homes. This has not been seen to be effective however, as stories of the abuse of older people in care have proliferated in recent years(Observer, 18th February, 2001). In the last hundred years people’s life expectancy in the western world has increased dramatically and there are now almost 5 million people over the age of 75 in the UK. Conversely the birth rate is now at an all time low. These changes in British demographics have generated an increased demand on the health service and on caring services generally. Although many older people remain in their own homes and may receive some kind of care to help them, there are presently about 200,000 people in registered residential homes in England. 35,000 of these homes are run by the local authority and 165,000 live in homes run by the independent sector. These figures do not include the 150,000 old people who are in nursing homes (Moore, 2002).[10] Older people are a marginalised group viewed by society as no longer useful, they are, of necessity, greater consumers of health and other services (Moore, 2002)[11]. When they feel they can no longer cope alone, or when relatives can no longer care for them, they go into residential or nursing homes, many of which are privately owned and run for a profit. Even when they are in council run homes older people are expected to at least make a contribution to the cost of their care. What is principally needed is a change in the way older people access services. In order for older people to have their needs met in ways which contribute to their quality of life and give them some choice over what happens to them Dunning (2005) suggests a greater need for advocates. He argues that in certain areas advocates should be a requirement for older people at certain times in their lives such as: retirement, which can bring about a reduction of income  and social networks a decline in physical and mental health, sensory impairment  and the need for health and social services a change in housing and living arrangements ageism. ( Dunning, 2005:10).[12] Dunning’s advice is wise if people want to access adequate care particularly as under the terms of the 1990 Act the care is no longer provided by the state alone. If a service user has been assessed as eligible for care then what is called a care package has to drawn up by the social worker. This package is organized primarily by the local authority and voluntary and charitable organizations also play a part in this. Increasingly this has meant that the autonomy of the social worker in this process is rapidly being eroded they are not always able to do what they see fit with regard to a service user’s need due to the need to collaborate with other agencies. Wanless (2006) found that access to care often depends on financial concerns and keeping people in care costs a lot of money. This has to be a consideration when the number of people entering residential care is increasing rapidly and estimated to increase by 50% over the next twenty years. The diagram below shows the cost of social care for older people in 2003/4.[13] Social worker’s decisions are subject to review by the care manager who is the person who holds the budget, this person’s primary job is to keep costs down. The social worker may do their utmost to obtain the best possible care for the older person they are dealing with but the final decision is often taken with regard to financial concerns. This is probably more of a problem with older people accessing care than with anyone else because they place a greater demand on the health and caring services.[14] When the welfare state was formed the total cost of residential care, or care that enabled a person to remain in their own home was met by the state. Those who went into private care did so as a matter of choice rather than a concern for the Government’s coffers. The New Right policies of Margaret Thatcher’s government was to roll back the welfare state and although the present government call their policies the third way they are very close to those of the New Right. Wanless (2006)[15] maintains that there has been fragmentation in the responsibility for social care at both local and central government levels. After the 1990 Act local authorities were no longer the direct providers of care, rather they were care managers. As a result of this a large part of government funded residential care and 69% of domiciliary services are provided by the independent sector. Social care is managed like other businesses whereby those with the most acceptable tender will get the work . Is this an empowering experience for older people, or do they become more oppressed and discriminated against than might previously have been the case? The Government has tried to address some of these issues by its promotion of participation and service user involvement. This is not always helpful as Dunning (2005) has pointed out. This is because of the power imbalance that exists between service users and professionals. Professionals may also use language that is not always accessible to service users. Arguably, in the current climate, it helps older people to have an advocate who is there to offer support and to help promote their interests. The Government pledged, in 201, that an older people’s champion would be appointed in each local authority. The champions would be there to represent older people’s interests. It was anticipated that as the champions should be doctors, nurses, other health professionals or social work practitioners, this might help to drive up standards of care. Quinn et al (2003) have argued that knowing what is on offer, and that if necessary there is someone who will put forward their views can be empowering for older people: Information, advice and advocacy are services in their  own right. They are also fundamental in enabling older  people to receive the services they require.  (Quinn et al., 2003, p. 3)[16] Conclusion While the promotion of advocacy and service user participation may make accessing care easier for older people, and could involve greater levels of empowerment overall policy development appears to have placed financial concerns before the needs of vulnerable people. New Right policies have, to a large extent, been continued under New Labour. Most of the developments since 1970 have hedged social work practice so that professionals are limited in the types and amount of care that they can offer service users. They have introduced market principles into a profession that was built on a concern for justice irrespective of a person’s ability to pay. As a result I would say that policy does not fulfil its aims to bring hope to the hopeless and protect the vulnerable. Bibliography Dunning, A. 2005 Information, Advice and Advocacy for Older People York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Giddens, A. 2001 Sociology Cambridge, Polity Press Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne Quinn, A., Snowling, A. and Denicolo, P. (2003) Older People’s Perspectives: Devising Information, Advice and Advocacy Services. York: Joseph Wanless 2006 Securing Good Care for Older People: Taking a long term view London, Kings Fund Publications http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/pss.htm#UK accessed 11/6/06 http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/uk.htm accessed 11/6/06 ibid http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/13/39/91/04133991.pdf accessed June 12th 2006 http://www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.html accessed 12/6/06 1 [1] http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/pss.htm#UK accessed 11/6/06 [2] http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/uk.htm accessed 11/6/06 [3] http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/pss.htm#UK accessed 11/6/06 [4] http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/uk.htm accessed 11/6/06 ibid [5] Giddens, A. 2001 Sociology Cambridge, Polity Press see pages 338-40 [6] http://www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.html accessed 12/6/06 [7] http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/13/39/91/04133991.pdf accessed June 12th 2006 [8] Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne page 185-6 [9] Ibid page 185 [10] Ibid page 324 [11] Ibid page 327 [12] Dunning, A. 2005 Information, Advice and Advocacy for Older People York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation  Page 10 [13] Wanless 2006 Securing Good Care for Older People: Taking a long term view London, Kings Fund Publications page.24 [14] Moore 2002 ibid page 326 [15] Wanless, D 2006 ibid page 9 [16]Quinn, A., Snowling, A. and Denicolo, P. (2003) Older People’s Perspectives: Devising Information, Advice and Advocacy Services. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation page 3

Changes in Nursing :: Nursing, Medicine, Article Review

The article I chose discusses the continual change in the roles of nurses. The article also poses a concept that nursing now is not based on caring, but medicine. â€Å"By accepting continual changes to the role of the nurse, the core function of nursing has become obscured and, despite assuming medical tasks, the occupation continues to be seen in terms of a role that is subordinate to and dependent on medicine.† (Iley 2004) Nurses are taking a more professional role, and more tasks are being delegated to assertive personnel. Therefore, with all these changes occurring, the role of the enrolled nurse is unclear. â€Å"Previously, having two levels of qualified nurse in the United Kingdom had been seen as problematic for health service managers and nurses themselves, and the ending of enrolled nurse programs in 1992 helped to solve this problem.† (2004) The study in this article gathered the characteristics of enrolled nurses and differentiated the groups converting to registered nurses, groups in the process of conversion, and groups interested or not interested in conversion. This study reveals the situation of enrolled nurses in context of continuing towards the professionalization of nursing. â€Å"The data from this study support the possibility that the role of nurses as direct caregivers is seen as a positive dimension of the work they undertake.† (2004) The findings imply that nurses need to get back to being caregivers, instead of concentrating on obtaining professional status in medicine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The significance of this article is that nursing is continually changing. The role of the nurse will always be based on direct care giving, however, nursing as an occupation is professional.